Foundation

The 6 Cantonese Tones

Tones are the most important concept in Cantonese. The same syllable pronounced with different tones has completely different meanings. Master them and everything else becomes easier.

High Mid Low
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Tone 1 high
High Level
si1
"poem"
Tone 2 mid→high
High Rising
si2
"history"
Tone 3 mid
Mid Level
si3
"to try"
Tone 4 low→lower
Low Falling
si4
"time"
Tone 5 low→mid
Low Rising
si5
"city"
Tone 6 low
Low Level
si6
"matter"

Understanding Tones

Think of tones as musical pitches. Each tone has a specific pitch pattern — some stay level, others rise or fall. Cantonese has three level tones (high, mid, low) and three contour tones (high rising, low falling, low rising).

Tips for English Speakers

  • You already use tones! "Really?" (rising) vs "Really." (falling) — but in Cantonese, tones change the word itself.
  • Start by distinguishing high vs. low tones. Then add the rising and falling patterns.
  • Don't stress perfection early — even approximate tones help communication. Natives can often figure out what you mean from context.
  • Practice with minimal pairs (words that differ only in tone) to train your ear.

Tone Minimal Pairs

These pairs show how tones change meaning. Practice hearing and producing the difference.

詩 si1 / 事 si6
poem vs. matter
Tone 1 (high) vs Tone 6 (low)
史 si2 / 市 si5
history vs. city
Tone 2 (high rising) vs Tone 5 (low rising)
試 si3 / 時 si4
to try vs. time
Tone 3 (mid) vs Tone 4 (low falling)
買 maai5 / 賣 maai6
buy vs. sell
Tone 5 (low rising) vs Tone 6 (low level)
九 gau2 / 舊 gau6
nine vs. old
Tone 2 (high rising) vs Tone 6 (low level)

About Jyutping

Jyutping is the standard romanization system for Cantonese. It tells you how to pronounce characters using the English alphabet, plus a tone number.

Tone numbers
The number at the end (1-6) tells you the tone: si1, si2, si3...
Initial consonants
Some are unfamiliar: ng- (like "sing"), gw- (like "Gwen"), kw-
Vowels
aa = long "a", oe = like French "eu", yu = like German "ü"
Final consonants
-p, -t, -k are unreleased stops (no puff of air), -m, -n, -ng are nasals

Example Breakdown: 廣東話 (gwong2 dung1 waa2)

gwong2
gw- onset, -ong final, tone 2
dung1
d- onset, -ung final, tone 1
waa2
w- onset, -aa final, tone 2

廣東話 means "Cantonese language" — literally "Guangdong speech"